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- The Canary In The Coal Mine Mac Os Download
- The Canary In The Coal Mine Mac Os Download
- The Canary In The Coal Mine Mac Os 11
- A Canary In A Mine
Sentinel species are organisms, often animals, used to detect risks to humans by providing advance warning of a danger. The terms primarily apply in the context of environmental hazards rather than those from other sources. Some animals can act as sentinels because they may be more susceptible or have greater exposure to a particular hazard than humans in the same environment.[1] People have long observed animals for signs of impending hazards or evidence of environmental threats. Plants and other living organisms have also been used for these purposes.
Historical examples[edit]
There are countless examples of environmental effects on animals that later manifested in humans. The classic example is the 'canary in the coal mine'. The idea of placing a canary or other warm blooded animal in a mine to detect carbon monoxide was first proposed by John Scott Haldane, in 1913 or later.[2][3][4] Well into the 20th century, coal miners brought canaries into coal mines as an early-warning signal for toxic gases, primarily carbon monoxide.[5] The birds, being more sensitive, would become sick before the miners, who would then have a chance to escape or put on protective respirators.
In Minamata Bay, Japan, cats developed 'dancing cat fever' before humans were affected due to eating mercury-contaminated fish.[6] Dogs were recognized as early as 1939 to be more susceptible to tonsil cancer if they were kept in crowded urban environments.[6] Studies similarly found higher disease rates in animals exposed to tobacco smoke.[6]Yushō disease was similarly discovered when poultry began dying at alarming rates due to polychlorinated biphenyl poisoning, although not before approximately 14,000 people were affected.
Characteristics[edit]
Animal sentinels must have measurable responses to the hazard in question, whether that is due to the animal's death, disappearance, or some other determinable aspect.[1]:34 Many of these species are ideally unendangered and easy to handle. It is important that the species' range overlap with the range being studied.[7] Often the ideal species is determined by the characteristics of the hazard.
For example, honey bees are susceptible to air pollution.[1]:35 Similarly both bats and swallows have been used to monitor pesticide contamination due to their diet of insects that may have been affected by the chemicals.[1]:35 By the same token, aquatic animals, or their direct predators, are used as sentinel species to monitor water pollution.[citation needed]
Some species may show effects of a contaminant before humans due to their size, their reproductive rate, or their increased exposure to the contaminant.[7]
Specific applications[edit]
The Canary In The Coal Mine Mac Os Download
Toxic gases[edit]
Canaries were iconically used in coal mines to detect the presence of carbon monoxide. The bird's rapid breathing rate, small size, and high metabolism, compared to the miners, led birds in dangerous mines to succumb before the miners, thereby giving them time to take action.
Air and water pollution[edit]
A number of animals have been used to measure varying kinds of air pollution. These include honey bees for air pollution, bivalve molluscs[8] for online water-quality survey and pigeons for atmospheric lead.[1]:35 Bats and swallows have been used to monitor pesticide contamination due to their diet of insects that may have been affected by the chemicals.[1]:35
The Canary In The Coal Mine Mac Os Download
Aquatic DDT pollution has been quantitatively measured in California fish. PCB has been measured through the analysis of fish livers.[1]:82Toxaphene concentrations were discovered far from the area of its use through analysis of trout in the Great Lakes.[1]:85 The evidence of atmospheric transport of the substance influenced the subsequent prohibition of its widespread use. Alligators may have been used to warn of hazardous contamination in Centreville, Mississippi retention ponds.[9]
Scientists also monitor crayfish in the wild in natural bodies of water to study the levels of pollutants there.[10][11][12]
The Protivin brewery in the Czech Republic uses crayfish outfitted with sensors to detect any changes in their bodies or pulse activity in order to monitor the purity of the water used in their product. The creatures are kept in a fish tank that is fed with the same local natural source water used in their brewing. If three or more of the crayfish have changes to their pulses, employees know there is a change in the water and examine the parameters.[10]
Infectious diseases[edit]
The discovery of West Nile virus in the Western Hemisphere was heralded by an outbreak of disease in crows and other wild birds. Other emerging diseases have demonstrated linkages between animal health events and human risk, including monkeypox, SARS, and avian influenza. Cookie clicker (itch) (speedrunner346) mac os. In outbreaks of bubonic plague, rats begin dying out before humans.
Household toxins[edit]
Dogs may provide early warning of lead poisoning hazards in a home, and certain cancers in dogs and cats have been linked to household exposures to pesticides, cigarette smoke, and other carcinogens.
Cultural references[edit]
- Kurt Vonnegut in an interview compared the function of artists in human society to coal-mine canaries; see Wikiquote.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
The Canary In The Coal Mine Mac Os 11
- ^ abcdefghNational Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Animals as Monitors of Environmental Hazards, 'Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Health Hazards: Committee on Animals as Monitors of Environmental Hazards,' National Academy Press: 1991, ISBN0309040469.
- ^Acott, C. (1999). 'JS Haldane, JBS Haldane, L Hill, and A Siebe: A brief resume of their lives'. South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal. 29 (3). ISSN0813-1988. OCLC16986801. Retrieved 2008-07-12.
- ^Boycott, A. E.; Damant, G. C. C.; Haldane, J. S. (1908). 'Prevention of compressed air illness'. J. Hygiene. 8 (3): 342–443. doi:10.1017/S0022172400003399. PMC2167126. PMID20474365. Retrieved 2013-09-05.
- ^Hellemans, Alexander; Bunch, Bryan (1988). The Timetables of Science. Simon & Schuster. p. 411. ISBN0671621300.
- ^David A. Bengston, Diane S. Henshel, 'Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment: Biomarkers and Risk Assessment', ASTM International, 1996, ISBN0803120311, p 220.
- ^ abcStephen J. Withrow, David M. Vail, Withrow and MacEwen's Small Animal Clinical Oncology, Elsevier: 2007, ISBN0721605583, p. 73-4.
- ^ abArthur D. Bloom, Frederick de Serres, Ecotoxicity and Human Health: A Biological Approach to Environmental Remediation, CRC Press: 1995, ISBN1566701414, page 76.
- ^[1]
- ^Eugene Love Fair Jr. (May 28, 2013), 'Christmas v. Exxon Mobil', Mississippi Court of Appeals, retrieved January 3, 2014
- ^ abHanrahan, Mark (27 September 2017). 'Crayfish staff help Czech brewery keep its water as pure as can be'. Reuters TV. Archived from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
- ^'Clean Water'. Missouri Conservationist Magazine. Vol. 69 no. 11. Missouri Department of Conservation. November 2008. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
- ^Schilderman, P. A. E. L.; Moonen, E. J. C.; Maas, L. M.; Welle, I.; Kleinjans, J. C. S. (1999). 'Use of Crayfish in Biomonitoring Studies of Environmental Pollution of the River Meuse'. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 44 (3): 241–252. doi:10.1006/eesa.1999.1827. ISSN0147-6513. PMID10581118.
Further reading[edit]
- van der Schalie WH; Gardner HS Jr; Bantle JA; De Rosa CT; Finch RA; Reif JS; Reuter RH; Backer LC; Burger J; Folmar LC; Stokes WS. (Apr 1999). 'Animals as sentinels of human health hazards of environmental chemicals'. Environ Health Perspect. 107 (4): 309–315. doi:10.1289/ehp.99107309. PMC1566523. PMID10090711.
- O'Brien DJ; Kaneene JB; Poppenga RH (Mar 1993). 'The use of mammals as sentinels for human exposure to toxic contaminants in the environment'. Environ Health Perspect. 99: 351–368. doi:10.1289/ehp.9399351. PMC1567056. PMID8319652.
- Backer LC; Grindem CB; Corbett WT; Cullins L; Hunter JL (2001-07-02). 'Pet dogs as sentinels for environmental contamination'. Sci Total Environ. 274 (1–3): 161–169. Bibcode:2001ScTEn.274.161B. doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(01)00740-9. PMID11453293.
- Rabinowitz P; Gordon Z; Chudnov D; Wilcox M; Odofin L; Liu A; Dein J. (Apr 2006). 'Animals as sentinels of bioterrorism agents'. Emerg Infect Dis. 12 (4): 647–652. doi:10.3201/eid1204.051120. PMC3294700. PMID16704814.
- Meselson M; Guillemin J; Hugh-Jones M; Langmuir A; Popova I; Shelokov A; Yampolskaya O (1994-11-18). 'The Sverdlovsk anthrax outbreak of 1979'. Science. 266 (5188): 1202–1208. Bibcode:1994Sci..266.1202M. doi:10.1126/science.7973702. PMID7973702.
- Kahn LH (Apr 2006). 'Confronting zoonoses, linking human and veterinary medicine'. Emerg Infect Dis. 12 (4): 556–561. doi:10.3201/eid1204.050956. PMC3294691. PMID16704801.
External links[edit]
- Online biomonitoring of water quality by a permanent record of bivalve molluscs' behavior and physiology (biological rhythms, growth rate, spawning, early warning), 24/7, worldwide: the MolluSCAN eye project
Never mind the gas—it was automation that got them in the end.
Related Content
On this day in 1986, a mining tradition dating back to 1911 ended: the use of canaries in coal mines to detect carbon monoxide and other toxic gases before they hurt humans. New plans from the government declared that the 'electronic nose,' a detector with a digital reading, would replace the birds, according to the BBC.
Although ending the use of the birds to detect deadly gas was more humane, miners' feelings were mixed. 'They are so ingrained in the culture, miners report whistling to the birds and coaxing them as they worked, treating them as pets,' the BBC said.
At the time, it was the latest of many changes in the British mining industry, which was a source of great strife in the country through the 1980s. Pit ponies, the other animal that went underground with human miners to haul coal, were also phased out by automation. The last of them retired in 1999, wrote Clare Garner for The Independent.
The idea of using canaries is credited to John Scott Haldane, known to some as 'the father of oxygen therapy.' His research on carbon monoxide led him to recommend using the birds, writes Esther Inglis-Arkell for Gizmodo. He suggested using a sentinel species: an animal more sensitive to the colorless, odorless carbon monoxide and other poisonous gases than humans. If the animal became ill or died, that would give miners a warning to evacuate.
Why was a canary Haldane's suggested solution? Canaries, like other birds, are good early detectors of carbon monoxide because they're vulnerable to airborne poisons, Inglis-Arkell writes. Because they need such immense quantities of oxygen to enable them to fly and fly to heights that would make people altitude sick, their anatomy allows them to get a dose of oxygen when they inhale and another when they exhale, by holding air in extra sacs, he writes. Relative to mice or other easily transportable animals that could have been carried in by the miners, they get a double dose of air and any poisons the air might contain, so miners would get an earlier warning.
Britain wasn't the only place to adopt Haldane's suggestion. The United States and Canada both employed canaries, as these images from the Department of Labor show. Miners are pictured holding the birds in small everyday cages and returning from the scene of an explosion with a canary in a special cage intended to resuscitate the bird after exposure.
A Canary In A Mine
The modern carbon dioxide detector is certainly a less romantic image than a canary in an overused saying. Remembering the canary, though, is an opportunity to remember a world of coal mining that no longer exists.